4KG Lava Rocks for Gas BBQ, Fire pit, Aquarium, Chiminea (4KG)

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Macdonald, Gordon A.; Abbott, Agatin T.; Peterson, Frank L. (1983). Volcanoes in the sea: the geology of Hawaii (2nded.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0832-7. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 800°C (1,470°F). [16] Unusually hot (>950 °C; >1,740 °F) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres, such as in the Snake River Plain of the northwestern United States. [17] Intermediate lava Takeuchi, Shingo (5 October 2011). "Preeruptive magma viscosity: An important measure of magma eruptibility". Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (B10): B10201. Bibcode: 2011JGRB..11610201T. doi: 10.1029/2011JB008243. Texture [ edit ] Photomicrograph of a volcanic lithic fragment ( sand grain); upper picture is plane-polarized light, bottom picture is cross-polarized light, scale box at left-center is 0.25 millimeter.

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Pinkerton, Harry; James, Mike; Jones, Alun (March 2002). "Surface temperature measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 113 (1–2): 159–176. Bibcode: 2002JVGR..113..159P. doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00257-8. Raj, Smriti; Kumar, V Ramesh; Kumar, B H Bharath; Iyer, Nagesh R (January 2017). "Basalt: structural insight as a construction material". Sādhanā. 42 (1): 75–84. doi: 10.1007/s12046-016-0573-9.Fresh lava is very hot. It can reach temperatures as high as 2,200° F (1,200° C). It glows red hot to white hot as it flows. Some lavas are liquid enough to flow downhill at 35 miles (55 kilometers) per hour. Others move at the rate of only inches per day. The speed of the flow depends on the temperature and composition of the lava. lavas typically erupt at temperatures of 1,050 to 1,150°C (1,920 to 2,100°F) or greater. [58] [59] Pāhoehoe Pāhoehoe lava from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, United States Mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) is a tholeiitic basalt commonly erupted only at ocean ridges and is characteristically low in incompatible elements. [38] [8] Although all MORBs are chemically similar, geologists recognize that they vary significantly in how depleted they are in incompatible elements. Their presence in close proximity along mid-ocean ridges is interpreted as evidence for mantle inhomogeneity. [39] Dietterich, Hannah; Cashman, Katherine; Rust, Alison; Lev, Einat (2015). "Diverting lava flows in the lab". Nature Geoscience. 8 (7): 494–496. Bibcode: 2015NatGe...8..494D. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2470. Spry, Alan (January 1962). "The origin of columnar jointing, particularly in basalt flows". Journal of the Geological Society of Australia. 8 (2): 191–216. Bibcode: 1962AuJES...8..191S. doi: 10.1080/14400956208527873.

Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC

Pāhoehoe (also spelled pahoehoe, from Hawaiian [paːˈhoweˈhowe] [60] meaning "smooth, unbroken lava") is basaltic lava that has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid lava under a congealing surface crust. The Hawaiian word was introduced as a technical term in geology by Clarence Dutton. [53] [54] Francis, Peter; Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). Volcanoes (2nded.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925469-9. Pinkerton, H; Bagdassarov, N (2004). "Transient phenomena in vesicular lava flows based on laboratory experiments with analogue materials". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 132 (2–3): 115–36. Bibcode: 2004JVGR..132..115B. doi: 10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00341-x.Renne, P. R.; Ernesto, M.; Pacca, I. G.; Coe, R. S.; Glen, J. M.; Prevot, M.; Perrin, M. (6 November 1992). "The Age of Parana Flood Volcanism, Rifting of Gondwanaland, and the Jurassic-Cretaceous Boundary". Science. 258 (5084): 975–979. Bibcode: 1992Sci...258..975R. doi: 10.1126/science.258.5084.975. PMID 17794593. S2CID 43246541. Sonstroem, Eric (14 September 2010). "Vestmannaeyjar, The Town That Fought A Volcano And Won". indianapublicmedia.org. Indiana Public Media. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017. On the Earth, most lava flows are less than 10km (6.2mi) long, but some pāhoehoe flows are more than 50km (31mi) long. [62] Some flood basalt flows in the geologic record extend for hundreds of kilometres. [63] Carbonatite and natrocarbonatite lavas are known from Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania, which is the sole example of an active carbonatite volcano. [31] Carbonatites in the geologic record are typically 75% carbonate minerals, with lesser amounts of silica-undersaturated silicate minerals (such as micas and olivine), apatite, magnetite, and pyrochlore. This may not reflect the original composition of the lava, which may have included sodium carbonate that was subsequently removed by hydrothermal activity, though laboratory experiments show that a calcite-rich magma is possible. Carbonatite lavas show stable isotope ratios indicating they are derived from the highly alkaline silicic lavas with which they are always associated, probably by separation of an immiscible phase. [32] Natrocarbonatite lavas of Ol Doinyo Lengai are composed mostly of sodium carbonate, with about half as much calcium carbonate and half again as much potassium carbonate, and minor amounts of halides, fluorides, and sulphates. The lavas are extremely fluid, with viscosities only slightly greater than water, and are very cool, with measured temperatures of 491 to 544°C (916 to 1,011°F). [33]

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Tietz, O.; Büchner, J. (29 December 2018). "The origin of the term 'basalt' ". Journal of Geosciences: 295–298. doi: 10.3190/jgeosci.273. Kennedy, W. Q. (1 March 1933). "Trends of differentiation in basaltic magmas". American Journal of Science. s5-25 (147): 239–256. Bibcode: 1933AmJS...25..239K. doi: 10.2475/ajs.s5-25.147.239.Analysis of Hubble Space Telescope images of Vesta suggests this asteroid has a basaltic crust covered with a brecciated regolith derived from the crust. [106] Evidence from Earth-based telescopes and the Dawn mission suggest that Vesta is the source of the HED meteorites, which have basaltic characteristics. [107] Vesta is the main contributor to the inventory of basaltic asteroids of the main Asteroid Belt. [108] Io Giguere, Thomas A.; Taylor, G. Jeffrey; Hawke, B. Ray; Lucey, Paul G. (January 2000). "The titanium contents of lunar mare basalts". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 35 (1): 193–200. Bibcode: 2000M&PS...35..193G. doi: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01985.x.

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Nave, R. "Bowen's Reaction Series". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University . Retrieved 24 March 2021.Goldberg, D. S.; Takahashi, T.; Slagle, A. L. (22 July 2008). "Carbon dioxide sequestration in deep-sea basalt". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (29): 9920–9925. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..105.9920G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804397105. PMC 2464617. PMID 18626013. Accretionary lava balls as large as 3 metres (10 feet) are common on ʻaʻā flows. [56]ʻAʻā is usually of higher viscosity than pāhoehoe. Pāhoehoe can turn into ʻaʻā if it becomes turbulent from meeting impediments or steep slopes. [55] their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment, allowing tectonic reconstructions (see plate tectonics);